The Twilight of an Empire (Korean 100 years ago): 2. Last Military Officer Cadets - Sa-ik Hong, Dae-hyeong Ji, Eung-jun Lee
by Michael Han, 1 year ago
Wed, August 25, 2010 4:56 PM |
This is a translation of an article in a series by a Korean national newspaper, Chosun Ilbo, in commemoration of 100th anniversary of the closing of the Korean Empire.
Authored by Bong-gwan Jeon, Professor of Korean literature at KAIST
Translated by Michael Han
August 29, 1909 - August 29, 1910

There were three military officers at the end of the Old Korea. One of them was named Sa-ik Hong. He had thoroughly cooperated with Japan and he was a self-made man who had risen up to the rank of a lieutenant general in the Japanese military. He was the seventh man who had risen to such ranks following other ethnic Koreans such as Hui-du Yi, Seong-geun Jo, Dam Euh, Yu-sik Wang, Eung-seon Kim, and even
the youngest son of Emperor Gojong, the Crown Prince Euimin (aka King Yeong Chin, 英親王). He served as the commander of prisoner-of-war camps in Philippines under the 14th Area Army and then he was executed on September 26, 1946 at a prison in Manila after he was tried as one of top war criminals.
Another one was named Dae-hyeong Ji. While serving as a lieutenant in Japanese military he deserted and defected to Manchuria right after the March First Movement. Then, under the alias of Cheong-cheon Yi he served as an instructor of Shin Heung Military Officer School, a brigadier of the Dae Han Independence Army Corps, the Supreme Commander of the Independence Army of the Provisional Government, and others to help develop the armed campaign against the Japanese. After the founding of the Republic of Korea he served as a National Assemblyman, a minister without portfolio.
And lastly there was a man named Eung-jun Yi. He also served in the Japanese military as a colonel not unlike Sa-ik Hong, but he became a military advisor during the time of the US military administration and acted as a sponsor during the formation of Korean military and then became the first Army Chief of Staff.
When we reflect on the fact that these three people had gone to Japan as the last military officer cadets of the Korean Empire 100 years ago it is inevitable to think about the history and the fate. Daehan Maeil Shinbo carried the following news item on September 4, 1909.

"44 military cadets left for Japan from the Namdaemun (Southern Gate) Station at 9 am yesterday as planned."
The Korean Empire military broke up in August of 1907, right after the abdication of the Korean Emperor Gojong. According to the Soon-jong's royal edict issued at the dead of the night due to the pressure by Japanese the combat military unit was broken up and only non-combat military institutions survived, such as the army court, army officer schools, and others. However, even these broke up in July of 1909. The Residency-General closed down the military officer school and picked some cadets to go to the army officer school in Japan. Daehan Maeil Shinbo carried an encouraging words for these cadets:
"Our military officer cadets, don't lose your pride even though the school has closed down. The luck is temporarily not on our side but good opportunities will come and as a Dae Han person we can surely stand against great odds. Our cadets go over the East Sea and be diligent, not losing your grip on the sword, and then after the completion of your schooling restore our national sovereignty and may your good name be remembered for generation after generation." (August 12th)
Military officer cadets arrived at Tokyo and then entered the Korean student class at the Army Central Youth School (陸軍幼年学校; riku gun yōnen gakkō). Even though they wore the same uniform and received the same training as Japanese students, they wore pink-colored epaulet instead of color ones that Japanese students wore. Only in a year after leaving Korea the Korean Empire had fallen and the Korean student class dissolved. After careful consideration 44 students decided to return after the graduation.
They were the 26th graduating class from the Japanese military academy, and they went separate ways. Among Koreans, Sa-ik Hong graduated at the top and then Eung-jun Yi followed the second, and they both chose 'the path of a Japanese soldier,' but their ends were very different. In contrast, Dae-hyeong Ji (Cheong-cheon Yi) gave everything to 'the restoration of the national sovereignty.' If the Korean Empire hadn't fallen they would have become Korean soldiers, but these cadets became tragic figures who pointed guns at each other in the raging waves of history.
Original: http://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/08/31/2009083101915.html
[제국의 황혼 '100년전 우리는'] [2] 마지막 무관생도 홍사익•지대형•이응준[정정내용 있음]
전봉관 KAIST교수•국문학
1909. 8. 29~1910. 8. 29
구한말 3명의 무관이 있었다. 한명은 홍사익. 일본에 철저히 협력한 그는 고종의 막내아들 영친왕에 이어 한국인으로서 두 번째이자 마지막 일본군 장군(중장)에 오른 입지전적 인물이다. 그는 제14방면(필리핀)군 병참총감 겸 포로수용소장으로 근무하다가 종전 후 A급 전범이 되어 1946년 9월 26일 마닐라 전범수용소에서 처형됐다.
다른 한명은 지대형. 일본군 중위로 근무하던 그는 3•1운동 직후 탈영해 만주로 망명했다. 그 후 이청천이란 가명으로 신흥무관학교 교관, 대한독립군단 여단장, 임시정부 광복군 총사령관 등으로 항일무장투쟁을 전개했다. 대한민국 건국 후 무임소장관과 국회의원을 지냈다.
마지막 한명은 이응준. 그 역시 홍사익처럼 일본군 육군 대좌(대령)를 지냈으나, 미 군정 군사고문으로 한국군 창설의 산파역을 맡은 뒤 대한민국 초대 육군참모총장에 올랐다.
이들 3명이 100년 전 대한제국의 마지막 무관생도로서 일본 유학을 떠난 동창생이란 사실을 떠올리면, '역사와 인간의 운명'에 대해 다시 생각하게 된다. 대한매일신보는 1909년 9월 4일 다음과 같은 소식을 실었다.
"무관학도 44명은 예정대로 작일(어제) 오전 9시 남대문정거장에서 차를 타고 일본으로 떠났다더라."
대한제국 군대가 해산된 것은 고종의 양위 직후인 1907년 8월이었다. 일본의 강요로 야밤에 반포된 순종의 칙령에 따라 전투부대는 해산되었고, 군부(軍部)•육군법원•육군무관학교 등 비전투부대만 살아남았다. 그러다가 이들 부대마저 해산된 것이 1909년 7월. 통감부는 무관학교를 폐교하는 대신 생도 일부를 선발해 일본 육군사관학교로 유학 보냈다. 대한매일신보는 이들을 응원하는 시평을 실었다.
"우리 무관 학도들아 학교 비록 폐지되어 학업 중지되었으나 자긍심을 잃지 마세. 잠시 운수 불행하나 좋은 기회 또 있으니 우리 대한(大韓) 인종으로 일당천백 못할손가. 어화 우리 학도들아 저 동해를 건너가서 풍한서습(風寒暑濕) 쉴 때 없이 칼을 손에 놓지 말고 그 학업을 성취 후에 우리 국권 회복하여 유방백세 하여보세."(8월 12일자)
동경에 도착한 무관생도들은 육군중앙유년학교 한국학생반에 편입되었다. 일본 생도들과 똑같은 제복에 똑같은 훈련을 받았지만, 견장만은 붉은색 대신 분홍색으로 구분되었다. 유학을 떠난 지 1년 만에 대한제국이 패망하자 한국학생반은 해체되었다. 44명은 숙의 끝에 졸업하고 돌아가기로 결정했다.
일본 육사 26기 졸업생인 이들은 그 후 각기 다른 길을 걸었다. 한국인 가운데 수석과 차석을 차지한 홍사익과 이응준은 '일본 군인의 길'을 택했으나, 그 결말은 달라졌다. 반면 지대형(이청천)은 '국권 회복의 길'에 몸을 던졌다. 대한제국이 패망하지 않았더라면 조국의 군인이 되었을 무관생도들은 역사의 격랑 속에서 서로 총부리를 겨누는 비극의 주인공이 되었다.
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▲지난 9월 1일자 A33면 '제국의 황혼'② 기사에서 홍사익은 한국인으로서 두 번째로 일본군 장군이 된 인물이 아니라, 이희두•조성근•어담•왕유식•김응선•영친왕에 이어 일곱 번째로 장군이 되었기에 바로잡습니다.
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